Nice New Citroen

One of the best things about owning a new car is its smooth, shiny “showroom” look. Maintaining that look-by washing and waxing your car regularly and touching up any scratches-can keep it looking new longer.

Fortunately, the latest cars are finished with a high-tech process that makes it easier for car owners to maintain that new-car look. Many cars on the market today have a powder coated finish that helps protect them from chips and scratches, as well as damage caused by UV rays, harsh weather, salt spray and acid rain.

A clearcoat can protect the car’s high-gloss finish, which keeps your car looking new longer.

Several of America’s car manufacturers have discovered that this technique offers many advantages over liquid paint. The environmentally friendly finishing process eliminates the need for costly waste-disposal equipment and oversprayed powder particles can be recovered and reused.

Some of the manufacturers using this process include GM, Chrysler, BMW, Volvo, Lincoln, Chevrolet, Mercedes-Benz and Dodge. Every bit of exposed metal in DaimlerChrysler’s European Smart Car has been powder coated.

It’s not just the outside of the cars that benefits from powder coating. As well as having an exterior clearcoat, many new cars also have powder coated decorative wheels, hubcaps and trim. It’s even used on truck beds, door handles and engine parts.

It isn’t only car manufacturers that have discovered the process. It’s found on thousands of home and garden products, as well as sporting goods, recreational vehicles and office furniture and equipment.

It has become a universally preferred method of finishing for all the same reasons it has been so enthusiastically adopted by car manufacturers.

It All Starts Here – A Review of the Automotive Starter Battery Market

Consolidation among the major battery manufacturers continues to shape the industry, particularly across Europe. Johann-Friedrich Dempwolff, Vice President Sales OEM/OES, VB Autobatterie GmbH, said: “If you look back to 1990, in Germany there were ten battery producers. In the UK there were at least five producers. In France there were several. In Italy there were over 50 very small businesses. All this has dramatically changed over the last decade. There are only a few strong players left in the marketplace.”

“The result of tighter environmental requirements, together with other legislation, has been the closure of plants in Western Europe and a move to the Far East, particularly China, and to super-plants,” said Lucas Batteries’ David Haseler. “We have recently announced the closure of our Birmingham [UK] factory for manufacturing, and will be sourcing from companies in Asia. Our advantage is that these are company-owned plants which will allow us to maintain a close control over supply and quality.”

Today, four valve regulated lead-acid battery manufacturers – of which three are American — have emerged as global players: Johnson Controls, Delphi, Exide Technologies and Yuasa. These four companies collectively control 55% of the global market. Johnson Controls recently signaled its intention to buy Delphi’s global battery business for $212.5 million. Yuasa recently merged with Japan Storage Battery, forming GS Yuasa Corp. Yuasa holds an 8% share of the global lead storage battery market while Japan Storage Battery has a 6% share. Their combined market share of 14% ranks them in third place in the global market.

The flood of imported batteries from tiger economies (such as China, Thailand, Indonesia and Malaysia) is also posing a serious challenge to European manufacturers. That has become a double-whammy for UK-based supplies since the imported units are especially cheap due to the weak dollar. Perversely, the Asian manufacturers have driven up the cost of lead because their consumption of it is so high. The price of oil is also driving up the cost of polypropylene used in battery manufacture.

Technically speaking, the starter battery market has moved completely to calcium-calcium technology, and the change is now almost complete in the aftermarket, certainly in developed countries. Lucas Batteries’ Haseler said: “There is a fast-growing requirement for sealed [non-accessible] lids with re-condensing features in the OE market, and this changeover should be complete within a few years. This reflects the trend in the automotive industry for sealed units. This is being closely followed by the requirement for a ‘tip-tilt’ lid, that is, a lid that will not allow any acid to leak out of the battery for at least 30 minutes with the battery at any angle. If the battery is still being charged, this time reduces to two minutes. This is achieved by a more complex labyrinth within the lid. This trend originated in Germany. The aftermarket can be expected to follow within a year or so. Sealed and tip-tilt lids are a consequence of the trend for greater safety and, in particular, the need to prevent access to the acid within a battery. Following the unsuccessful launch of VRLA [valve regulated lead acid batteries] into the OE market a few years ago, a second wave is now underway in companies such as Daimler-Chrysler and Citroen with its recently-launched C3. The Citroen C3 is the first of the long-heralded stop-start cars, in which the engine stops whenever the car stops, leaving the battery to power all the electrical system. This regime will increase the cycling loads on the battery, a demand which VRLA technology is best suited to supply. The drive for fewer emissions, associated with the need for better fuel-consumption, has clearly resulted in the move to stop-start cars.”

Austria’s Banner GmbH also sees the battery business moving toward calcium-calcium technology, particularly for cars introduced from 1997 onwards. Andreas Sperl, marketing manager, Banner GmbH, said: “These vehicles typically require modern charge management, higher voltage and maintenance free batteries. Given that batteries are often situated in places where the driver cannot see it — let alone the brand name — the battery must be maintenance free, leak proof and spill proof.”

On the aftermarket side of the automotive starter battery business, the market is shaped by a number of factors. “The car parc is increasing,” added Dempwolffe. “Secondly, the product is improving so the life of product is longer. And the electrical systems – which in the end determines the life of the battery – if you have a good charging system in your car, then this extends the life of the battery. On the other hand, the power consumption is increasing which is minimising the battery life. But overall, we see that the battery is extending its life and the market is stable and slightly shrinking. This of course is another challenge, especially for smaller producers. We believe that there is a slight shrinkage of the market year-on-year.”

According to industry sources, an OE vehicle starter battery for a passenger car should last around six years. That’s up from three or four years in the early 1990s. The useful life of a replacement battery may be a little less, perhaps around five years. For a commercial vehicle and motorcycle, manufacturers estimate the useful life of a battery is three or four years,

“Due to Europe’s congested cities, a lot of cars are now traveling in stop and go traffic, adding wear on the battery,” added Sperl. “The sheer heat generated under the bonnet due to an overcrowded engine compartment and the fact that batteries are located close to the engine block means that batteries are just as likely to fail in the summer as in the winter. Ten years ago, we would have said our battery aftermarket business was seasonal. But now it’s an all year round business.”

The power of brands appears to be diminishing in Europe, depending on the target segment. As far as the UK is concerned, that may relate to the fact that all the major battery manufacturers no longer produce batteries in Britain, as Paul Matarewicz, Managing Director for Varta Automotive Batterie, said: “It was driven by people who actually made batteries in the UK. As they have shut down and pulled out, they have been replaced by imported products from the Far East, South Africa and Brazil. These products are coming in without a label on and therefore you get a huge number of no-name products flooding the UK market. In the early 1990s, the UK aftermarket was about 60% branded. If you go back to the early 1980s, it was more like 90% branded. So there has been a very steady decline in brand.”

Another major issue facing the industry is the escalating price of lead. Given that lead typically accounts for 40% of manufacturing costs, any severe oscillations in price can have serious consequences. But producers can’t chop and change their strategy every time the price of lead moves. While some producers use an array of measures to manage price movements such as hedging and improving their spent battery collection rates, surely the key is to negotiate with the OEMs to assist them in absorbing the lead price increases. Put simply, battery producers can’t absorb a 100% increase in price in 40% of raw material costs. Otherwise, we shall see yet more consolidation ahead.

Although lead-acid starter batteries may not appear to have changed over the last four decades, internally, technological advances have been made to ensure that they keep up with modern demands. Lead-acid batteries will continue to start cars for many years, but the search continues for lighter, more efficient and cleaner replacements.

Citroen are renowned as the first company outside the United States to start the mass production of cars. The company was formed in 1919 by Andre Citroen who was left an empty factory following the end of the First World War and the ending of war production. He turned to manufacturing motor cars, the first model being the Type A. Andre Citroen was a master of PR and used the Eiffel Tower to help advertise the new car.

In 1921 the Type C was launched at the Paris Motor Show and the first Citroen taxis were seen in the French capital. The previous year the company had launched the Autochenille, a half track vehicle useful for road building and agriculture, as well as for use by the military.

Following a tie up with the American-based engineer Edward G Budd, Citroen were able to introduce the first all-steel car body into the European market in 1928. But, despite this initiative, the French-based company was facing increased competition from vehicle manufacturers in both France and the rest of Europe. In the face of this competition the company maintained their standard body design and their low prices ensured a large volume of sales, though not enough to make a profit and by the early 1930s the company were actually losing money. In response Citroen revolutionised their design with the Traction Avant. It was launched in 1934, complete with unitary car body and independent front wheel suspension as well as front wheel drive.

The car, labelled the “Type 7″, could top 95 kilometres per hour, but a superior version,labelled “Type7S” was launched the same year. The 1303 cubic cm engine was replaced by a bigger 1529cc or 1911cc one with a top speed of 110kph. The model became known as the 11CV and remained in production, albeit with minor improvements, until 1957.

Another initiative was introduced by Citroen in 1933, a year before the launch of the Avant Traction. It was the Rosalie, a diesel powered car.

Despite being seen to be ambitious in its development of new vehicles, Citroen’s financial difficulties finally caught up with them. By December 1934 the company was declared bankrupt and taken over by its biggest creditor, Michelin.

Under Michelin the company enjoyed a new lease of life. Prior to the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939, the 11CV Commerciale, with its long wheel base was put on the market. A new range of the Traction Avant, the 15/Six, with a top speed of 130 mph, was launched. Known as “La Reine de la Rue” – Queen of the Road – the 15/Six became a favourite of the Parisian underworld.

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Buying a new car can be fun and exciting, but it can also be very stressful. After all, it is a very big decision. If you are organized, armed with knowledge, and understand the game, youll find the experience a lot more enjoyable so here are some tips for buying a new car.

Start with the basics. Decide what type, size, and price range meets your needs; then move on to the details of the deal.

The invoice price is what the dealer paid for the car, not including any incentives from the vehicle manufacturer. The sticker price is the price the dealer wants you to pay for that car, including any optional packages that may be on that particular vehicle.

Find out the invoice cost of the car. This is the key to what type of deal you can get. Once you know what the dealer paid, you can better negotiate with the dealer. The dealer typically isnt going to give you this information, so youll have to play detective and round it up yourself.

You can easily get this information by spending less than 20 and calling the Consumer Reports New Car Price Service. Its a good investment because it usually results in about a 1,200 savings.

Now its time to get ready to bargain. Ask the salesperson to deal on their base markup over cost. Never bargain off the sticker price. Youve got the invoice price and thats what you bargain off of. What type of deal you can get depends a lot on supply and demand.

If the car you are looking at is in high demand, but there arent a lot of them available you could end up paying the full sticker price. On other models, you could land up paying just 500 over invoice and that would be a good deal!

Be wary of the for just a few game. Its a game of up-selling for services and items you often dont need undercoating, fabric protection, rust proofing, windshield etching, extra warranties, etc. Some of these services are nice; but most arent needed. Be careful because they can very quickly add a couple thousand pounds to your costs. So dont get caught up in the for just a few pounds more you can have

If you have a vehicle you are going to trade in, dont disclose this information to the salesperson until the price of the new car has been established and agreed upon. That way the price you are given for your trade is the true amount that is being offered rather than some inflated figure on paper. Then you can decide if you really want to trade your vehicle in. Often, selling privately is a better choice.

Keep your stress down by knowing what you want before you begin. When it comes time to get your financing in place know what size payment you are comfortable with and then work your terms to meet that payment size. Again, dont get caught in the up-sell game.

These tips for buying a new car will have you smiling and relaxed through the entire buying process.

As the children will soon be back to school parents will be getting ready to embark on the school run again.

This year there seems to be a particular abundance of family MPV’s that are practical, comfortable and stylish….so how do you decide which one to buy?

Here is a list of the top five family MPVs around:

1. Vauxhall Zafira – The Vauxhall Zafira has always been marketed as a family vehicle, this is backed-up by the fact that it has class-leading safety. Inside, the Zafira is extremely roomy which enables it to cope with the needs of an active family. According to reviews the Zafira is also one of the better MPVs to drive too, in fact some even go as far as saying it is fun to drive! In terms of its appearance the Zafira doesn’t look too exciting and is pretty much similar to other MPVs on the market.

2. Citroen C4 Picasso: The Citroen C4 Picasso is definitely one of the more attractive family cars – and stands out from the rest. Its panoramic windscreen is one feature that stands out in particular. This MPV is airy inside with ample space considering it is a 7-seater. It is also comfortable which makes it ideal for longer journeys. The C4 Picasso comes with both 5 and 7 seats meaning that you can choose one that best suits your lifestyle!

3. Renault Scenic: With smart looks the Renault Scenic is quite a sophisticated-looking MPV. The cabin is spacious and the boot is a decent size too. However, the Scenic isn’t the most exciting car to drive – not that you would expect to really enjoy driving a vehicle designed with families in mind, but it helps! Another plus point about this particular MPV is the level of quality inside the cabin…you may be surprised!

4. Ford S-Max: The Ford S-Max is kind of like the Ford Galaxy, yet it is far more sportier. It boasts a 2.5 turbo engine which makes it fun to drive and doesn’t make trading in your ‘fun’ car for a ‘practical’ car quite so bad. The S-Max is fairly cheap to buy and run which is good news for your wallet! But, like the Zafira, the styling on this car isn’t anything too special and wont really make you stand out from the crowd. So basically, the S-Max is a sportier Galaxy!

5. Toyota Verso: The Toyota Verso is like the Ford S-Max, but far more compact. The styling is more dynamic which makes it more pleasing to the eye. It is definitely one of the ‘less-boxy’ MPVs out there. The interior has been equipped with nice fabrics and attractive blue lighting. The seating plan is also flexible which means that the Verso is well-suited to deal with the needs of an active family. This particular MPV is reasonably priced, but I saw a used Toyota Verso in Swindon that was very, very affordable…making the Verso my choice!

Lucy Penn

The 1950s saw European car manufacturers turn out some of their most celebrated and memorable models, particularly from those car builders located in Germany, France and Italy.

The cars built in Germany of this period were a sign of the economic miracle the country was enjoying as it built itself up following the end of the Second World War.

Two companies which built classic European cars of the 1950s in Germany were Mercedes Benz and Volkswagen. Having launched the W186 and W189 at the beginning of the decade, Mercedes Benz went onto produce what has been described as the greatest car they ever built – the 300S.

Launched in 1952 this wonderful car was followed up by the limited edition 300SC, complete with fuel injection and also featured independent rear suspension. By the end of the 1950s Mercedes produced the ultimate in luxury models with the Fintail, which incorporated a crumple zone, disc brakes and air suspension.

Another German car manufacturer to survive the ravages of war and become part of the countries economic miracle was Volkswagen. The Volkswagen Type 1 or “Beetle” was destined to become hugely popular during the 1950s and well beyond. Production of the VW Beetle reached one million in 1955 and it was to be a top seller in the United States.

In France a classic European car of the 1950s was the Citroen 2CV. Sold mainly in France and within Europe the 2CV was by no means the most majestic of cars, but it was to become one of the most loved and iconic cars ever built by a French manufacturer.

High import taxes and the fact the 2CV, to some, looked ugly, meant the model never enjoyed big sales in the UK or United States. It took a futuristic style of Citroen – the DS designed by Flaminio Bertoni – for the French company to makes its name on the American market.

In Italy Lancia is a famous name for the production of classic cars during the 1950s. In 1950 Lancia launched the Aurelia, famed for its success in motor sport, at the Turin motor show. By 1953 Lancia had added the Appia to its range.

Lancia’s great Italian rivals were Alfa Romeo. Alfa Romeo were to start the 50s with the production of such classics as its 1900 Saloon, the company’s first assembly line model. Later models which were to become Alfa Romeo classics were the Giulietta, rolled out in 1954, and a year later the Berlina – four door saloon- and the Spider Cabriolet.

Are you looking for informaton on 1950s automobiles and classic cars from the golden age of automobile design? 1950sAutomobiles.com is dedicated to the great cars of the age from America, Europe and the UK with articles, photos and videos

Citroen C5 is the large sedan car for adults who crazy about the French style automotive design. The exterior of C5 shows memorable and dignified image. Large front lights are designed by the aerodynamic theory and the few gradient of its make the luxurious feeling. Besides, Front Citroen logo, hood, fender and front bumper are designed to create the cars image modern. This is the French blending between with classic style and modern style actually.

The report news described about C5 which began manufactured in 2003 that Citroen spend 6,900 million franc to invest in the R&D process and the marketing survey. The C5s factory, which can produce 920 cars per day, is on Rennes-la-Janais of France. It uses the new platform that developing process take time 3 year. C5 is designed by modern design technology, and it received the strict safety standard and environment standard. The suspension kit, uses the 3rd generation Hydrative system which is entity of Citroen, can reduce the vibration well and it has good road surface gripping attribute.

Citroen had offered three C5s engine choice. First choice is the V6 benzene engine which has 3,000cc plungers capacity with 24 valves. It can generate 152 Kw or 210 Hp. powers at 6,000 rpm, 285 Newton-meters or 30 kilogram-meters torque at 3750 rpm and 232 KmHr maximum speed. And the distinctive thing of this engine is VTC (Variable Timing Camshaft) system which can control open-close degree of valves by accelerating rate and engines cycle.

Second choice is the benzene straight engine which has 2,000cc plungers capacity with 16 valves. It can generates 100 Kw or 138 Hp. powers at 6,000 rpm, 190 Newton-meters or 19.8 kilogram-meters torque at 4,100 rpm and 202 KmHr maximum speed.

And the last choice is the 2.0 HDi diesel engine which has a high pressure diesel injection system and common-rail nozzles. It can generate 80 Kw or 110 Hp. powers at 4,000 rpm, 275 Newton-meters torque at 1,750 rpm and 188 KmHr. maximum speed. The direct-injection with common-rail high pressure pump which is controlled by ECU and the Variable Geometry Turbo Charger give the good performance on every speed and reduce 20 percent of gasoline usage. And additional merit of C5s diesel engine is the low loudness like the benzene engine. Also that HDi engine gives better responsibility than old version because the gasoline feeding accord with the engine need.

Furthermore, the 3rd generation Hydractive suspension kit was developed by Citroen which increase the vibrate reduction, road surface gripping and driving performance. It is cooperated between electronic devices which are controlled by computer unit and the improved hydraulic system. It has 4 modes for appropriate usability. H mode for the wheel changing, P mode for the hitch crossing, N mode for the normal driving and B mode for the high-loading.

If you interested Citroen C5, you can ask a near car dealer. You should check the C5s current price from car magazine or websites before you will buy it. Because different models have different prices.

Andre Citroen founded the company he named after himself, “Citroen”, in 1919. The French company became the first mass automaker outside of America to have any mass market success, with simple designs which served the growing automobile market well. Also credited with the production of the worlds ever first front wheel drive car, the Citroen Traction Avant in 1934, Citroen has been a front leader in innovative and uncommon designs, although remaining efficient in producing mass market cars which sold well. The French based company, innovative in itself for being the first European mass market car manufacture, was later formed into the PSA Peugeot Citroen group, which has its headquarters in Paris.

It was common for automobile manufactures to switch production from cars to military hardware for the campaign in World War One, often switching back to automobile production after the world war had ceased. Andre Citroens story is slightly different, however; with the Frenchmen deciding to build cars post World War One, after he had no use for his factory after the war. Citroen, the man not the company, originally built military wear for France during the World War, but found himself with no business after the war had finished. With a factory in his possession, Citroen began to produce cars, with the newly designed (by Le Zebre) type A. The type A was the first production car by Citroen, and within its two year production life had outputted over twenty four thousand units. Originally selling for close to eight thousand francs, the price was lifted to twelve and a half thousand francs just one year later. With the number of units being produced, around one hundred per day, Citroen had established itself as the first European mass market car manufacture.

In later years of the nineteen twenties, Citroen teamed up with the pioneer, Budd, an American engineer, who worked on stainless steel bodies for railroad cars originally, but then contracted to automakers to do the same. Many car manufactures of the time, including Citroen, received steel bodies which were manufactured by Edward Budd, with the Citroen steel bodied cars believed to be the first outside of America.

Citroen believed heavily upon the promotion of the brand, with the iconic and large Eiffel Tower in Paris lit up with the word “CITROEN” between 1925 and 1934, a marketing method to epic promotions in its day. Citroen cars continued to sell well, although many other car producers began to switch and upgrade their body designs after switching from wood to steel, leaving Citroen was very basic and slightly dated designs. The low price of the cars ensured mass units were still sold, although the company began to experience losses. The development of the innovative Traction Avant, the first front wheel drive car, spurred the company onwards, with the succession of new models.

Citroen cars for sale on Thats Exactly What We Want, as well as Citroen Xsara for sale, and other cars for sale

Designed by Bertoni and launched in 1955, the Citroen DS (or “Goddess”) sold nearly 1.5 million units during its 20 years of production. A design classic the DS was packed with innovations and safety features that took decades to appear on other cars – indeed some have never been rivaled to this day!

The DS advanced all achievable standards in terms of ride quality, road-holding, handling, and braking. With the exception of air bags and side impact bars, there have been few improvements in vehicle safety design since.

After 18 years of development in secret, the DS 19 was introduced on October 5, 1955 at the Paris Motor Show. The car’s appearance and innovative engineering captured the imagination of the public and 743 orders were taken in the first 15 minutes of the show, First day orders totaled 12,000!

Throughout its model lifetime, the DS remained ahead of its time. It’s most remarkable innovation being the oleo-pneumatic (oil-air) pressure circuit that operated the steering, semi-automatic gearbox, brakes and suspension, which – pumped up by two powerful “accumulators” – provided automatic ride-height adjustment while giving the car a floating, luxurious ride.

The suspension was also driver-adjustable so that, in the event of a flat tire, the driver could raise the car to its highest setting, prop the corner, lower the car and remove the wheel, all without a jack. Other innovations included road-following head lamps, fiberglass roof and boot panel, removable body panels and a charming single-spoke steering wheel which allowed clear view of the instruments and collapsed with impact in an accident. It was also the first production car to sport front disc brakes.

The DS was voted fifth on Automobile Magazine “100 Coolest Cars” listing in 2005 and third in the 1999 Car of the Century competition, recognizing the world’s most influential auto designs. If you want to know which cars took second and first place then keep your eyes on KOCMO’s Classic Cars

President Charles de Gaulle praised the unusual abilities of his unarmored DS with saving his life during the assassination attempt at Petit-Clamart on August 22, 1962 – the shots had blown two of the tires, but due to the self-leveling suspension the car was still able to escape at full speed.

A true classic, a silver 1973 DS 23 IE ‘Decapotable’ (convertible) sold for EUR 176,250 in auction at Christie’s in 2006.

For more information about classic cars visit our site http://kocmobg.com You will find motoring section and many more..

The baby of the current range is the C1 a highly practical and economical city car suitable for urban traffic and parking. Although compact, the C1 still manages to give ample interior space for passengers and luggage by utilising the adaptable folding rear seats. There is a choice of five door and three door versions is available of this1.0i or 1.4 HDi diesel small but attractive vehicle.

Moving up in the range we next come to the C2 a practical and spacious sporty car suitable for city and cross country driving. There are lots of great features such as a split- tailgate, three gas engines or two diesel HDi to choose from including the high performing 125hp, 1.6i 16V.

The next Citron option is the C3 a 5 door stylish and spacious car that provides a lot of driving pleasure. The C3 epitomises the French flair for sleek and elegant styling, which are cleverly combined with high tech features. Such as SensoDrive transmission that utilizes the latest in fuel saving stop-start technology, to help save the planet while saving you petrol money.

The C4 Picasso is already a classic of French motoring design makes this a driver’s dream that is a step ahead of its rivals. There are so many features such as automatic parking brake, assistance for hill starting and a combined cruise control and speed limiter as well as a multiple airbag set-up. Have combined to make it possible for the C4 Picasso to obtain the prestigious NCAP 5-star safety rating.

The sister vehicle Grand C4 Picasso is a very captivating seven-seater people carrier that gives a truly remarkable driving experience that is not like a regular boring family multi- person vehicle.

The Xsara Picasso has already proved itself to be a real crowd pleaser. This may be because of its high ability to handle just like a salon car while providing all the features and comfort of a MPV.

There is plenty of available space for people and lots of luggage, making it a winner for those with family or friends to move around in safety and comfort. ABS and EBD, Electronic Brakeforce Distribution come as standard features to give you the piece of mind you need when transporting your loved ones.

The C5 is the company’s executive saloon vehicle that provides the ultimate in classy French driving chic. Features such as the Electronic Stability Programme to keep this quick and agile exec vehicle firmly glued to the road.

Which ever Citroen contract hire vehicle you choose you can be assured of the best in modern European stylish design and well conceived safety features to make your Citroen car leasing experience a happy one.

Darrell Freeman